Black History Month: We Want To Tell Your Story

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The theme for #BlackHistoryMonth 2022 is Black Health and Wellness, so ACNM will be celebrating and honoring the contributions of Black midwives and their impact on the maternal health crises. If you’d like to tell your story or highlight a fellow Black midwife, please submit a written article (250 words or less) with photos (with permission and/or credit to photographer and/or subjects) to be featured on Quickening, the ACNM official digital news site. These stories can also be submitted as a short video, perfect to be shared on ACNM’s social media. All submissions will be entered to win a prize, chosen at the end of Black History Month.

We’d love to hear:

  • Why did you/they decide to become a midwife? How has being a Black midwife impacted your/their work and the communities you/they serve? What advice do you have for other Black people thinking of becoming a midwife?
  • Are you/they an unsung hero/heroine who used midwifery as a political activist to change a policy or start a social innovation in an equity-seeking community? (examples: Starting a birth center or solo/small practice, starting a podcast or social media method of prenatal education, starting something that engaged the community during COVID, etc.)
  • Are you/they a global health worker who had a near miss or tragic story and were able to use your volunteerism to make a difference? (examples: midwives living and working through Katrina Hurricane, the floods out west, fires out west, the power outages in North East during the 2000s)
  • Are you/they a midwife who has worked in political office (mayor, school board, councilman, senator, lobbyist) and helped change a bill? (examples: Alabama bill to allow a “community midwife” designation, midwives in Alabama and Georgia that helped to make home births legal, Florida midwives who stepped up to help pass the bill to allow wider prescriptive privileges for midwives and ARNPs, etc.)
  • Are you/they an internationally educated midwife who self-identifies from the African Diaspora? If you/they live in low-income areas of the U.S. or other countries, how has your work helped to inform your practice, teaching, research, etc?

Please send your story to quick@acnm.org. All stories must be received by ACNM by Friday, February 25 to be entered to win the raffle prize.

History of Black Midwifery

(put together for Black History Month 2021)

In colonial times, reproductive health care was provided primarily by midwives. Notably, midwifery was practiced by Indigenous people native to North America; and midwifery practices were brought to the United States by enslaved peoples of African descent. Trained through apprenticeship by generations of experienced family members or peers, these midwives provided safe and affordable care to pregnant people in their communities. For many years, the practice of medicine did not encompass the work of reproductive health care; however, in the early 1800s the medical field of obstetrics began to develop, and white male physicians often recognized midwives as competition, an impingement on profit and stature. 

A concerted anti-midwife campaign developed, playing on racist and xenophobic tropes that painted foreign-born and Black midwives as illiterate, careless, lazy, incompetent, unclean, and dangerous. This resulted in the 1921 passage of the Sheppard-Towner Act, a federally funded statute intended to support and improve outcomes for infants and birthing people, and which required states to regulate their midwifery workforces. The statute funded white male obstetricians and white female public health nurses to “educate” community midwives in normal birth and act as gatekeepers to determine which community midwives were deemed appropriate care providers. As Danielle Thompson notes, “This meant that, in one of the most racially charged eras in American history, the livelihoods of many women of color were placed directly in the hands of White actors already negatively disposed toward them for both social and competitive reasons.”1 Despite these concerted attacks on midwifery and Black midwives, Black Grand midwives continued to serve their communities. As of 1918, almost 90% of Southern Black births were attended by Black midwives. They also attended many births of poor white women who couldn’t afford the fees of white physicians.

Only 21 years later, Mary Breckinridge founded the American Association of Nurse-Midwives (AANM). An active white supremacist, she did not allow membership of African American midwives nor did she educate a Black nurse at the Frontier Graduate School of Midwifery from 1939 until her death in 1965, despite being in direct violation of Brown v Board of Education from 1954 onward. This organization became part of the newly created American College of Nurse-Midwives. Midwifery education programs from Tuskegee, Flint Goodridge, and Tuskegee Movable School (located in Macon County) during the 1930s prepared the 41 Black nurse-midwives that were practicing at the time, but unfortunately, the effects of the medical establishment’s racist and xenophobic smear campaign and the racist foundation of midwifery persisted and continues still today.

The midwifery profession today is over 90% white; midwives attend only 11% of births in the United States, with 45% of those births being to Black, Latinx, and Indigenous mothers; and clients of color, especially Black birthing people, suffer hugely disproportionate disparities in health outcomes. As midwives, we must learn about, acknowledge, and make reparations for the specific role anti-Black racism has played in the history of our profession as well as current educational, certification, and practice environments. Either through apathy, implicit bias, or structurally racist policies, many of the 20th and 21st century midwifery leaders and educators have contributed to the oppression and exclusion of racialized people from modern professional midwifery. Whether these past oppressions were intentional or not, there is a growing understanding of the need to respectfully align with racialized midwifery students, educators, and leaders. Truth, healing and reconciliation in our profession must begin with uplifting and celebrating the Black Grand midwives who were foundational in the persistence of midwifery in this country. It is difficult to engender trust and professional collegiality without first removing barriers to diversification of our profession, ensuring that every Black aspiring midwife is aided and supported along their professional pathway. 

Adapted with permission from the California Affiliate of ACNM (CNMA), with contributions from ACNM’s Midwives of Color Committee (MOCC) and Michelle Drew, chair of ACNM’s Black Midwives Caucus.

References:

  1. Midwives and Pregnant Women of Color: Why we need to understand intersectional changes in midwifery to reclaim home birth by Danielle Thompson

Further Learning: